国产精品一区二区av-风间由美性色一区二区三区-亚洲男同志网站-亚洲国产欧美在线观看

UNDERWATER HULL CLEANING BACKGROUND

2019-06-26 15:37:11 高壓清洗機

Human had encountered the underwater fouling phenomenon since the times when the first ships and the first primitive waterworks had been built. At first this phenomenon appeared not to have any serious practical meaning, but in the course of time it turned to a real problem.

Any object standing in salt or fresh water is exposed to fouling by algae, barnacles, mollusks, corals and shells. Painting and other activities slow down the corrosion process, but even the toxic anti-fouling paints cannot help against the fouling. The fouling process is accompanied with destruction of expensive paint and varnish coating, which results in the corrosion process increase and biological contamination of the surface manufactured of any material. 

Hull foulingShip fouling

All the objects, regardless to their destination, shape and material are equally exposed to fouling. The biological contamination makes a significant adverse effect on economic rates of the river and naval transport operation. Hulls, vanes, keels and backbones, Kingston valves, heat exchangers, thrusters, and even marine propellers of all types of the ships like tankers, bulk-carriers, containerships, bulkers, passenger and war ships, towboats, trawlers, cruisers, pleasure boats and yachts, when getting fouled with algae, barnacles and shells significantly worsen their performance.

The annual biological contamination of the ship decreases its cruising speed 30-50%, and, as a result, resources of the engines and other machinery equipment, at that significantly increasing fueling and maintenance expenses, being the basic operational charge for the water transport. 

The stationary waterworks – the offshore gas and oil producing platforms and their bearing constructions, oil-loading and fuelling terminals, pipelines, underwater parts of the power stations, pound nets, nautical barriers and echolocation equipment, and also bridges, buoys, piers, terminals, jetties and other facilities of the fresh and salt water space are much more exposed to the fouling, which results in their proneness to accident, and in some cases in complete impossibility to operate.

Currently, the annual losses of the shipping companies in USA due to the fouling exceed 1 billion of USD, and the total losses all over the world only of the sea fouling exceeds 60 billions of USD, 30% of them being due to the ships fouling.


主站蜘蛛池模板: 中文字幕久久精品一二三区| 暖暖在线观看免费高清完整版| 四虎影库久免费视频| 久久午夜夜伦鲁鲁片免费无码| 亚洲午夜无码av毛片久久| 久久久久亚洲精品无码网址蜜桃 | yw尤物爆乳网站点击进入| 丰满人妻跪趴高撅肥臀| a级毛片无码久久精品免费| 色欲狠狠躁天天躁无码中文字幕| 国产高清乱码又大又圆| 成人免费无遮挡在线播放| 国产精品无码av不卡| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 无码人妻精品一区二区三区9厂| 亚洲国产成人片在线观看无码| 亂倫近親相姦中文字幕| 亚洲精品无码不卡av| 男女性杂交内射女bbwxz| 欧美超级乱婬视频播放| 亚洲一区精品无码| 顶级欧美熟妇高潮xxxxx| 少妇av一区二区三区无码| 大屁股人妻女教师撅着屁股| 亚洲av综合色区无码一二三区| 无码少妇精品一区二区免费动态| 大地资源中文在线观看官网第二页 | 阿公抱着我边摸边吃奶视频 | 法国白嫩大屁股xxxx| 无码人妻久久一区二区三区免费| 曰韩少妇内射免费播放| 美女把尿口扒开让男人桶| 亚洲av永久无码天堂网毛片| 日本japanese丰满少妇| 亚洲av无码一区二区二三区软件| 无码日韩精品一区二区免费暖暖| 国产96av在线播放视频| 理论片午午伦夜理片影院| 成 人色 网 站 欧美大片在线观看 | 久久精品无码一区二区三区不卡| 无码国内精品人妻少妇蜜桃视频|